Knowledgebase
  • Welcome!
  • Threats
    • Software
      • Malware
      • Ransomware
      • Macros
    • Hardware
      • Flipper Zero
        • Firmware
          • 🐬flipperzero
            • Getting Started
          • 🐬flipper-xtreme
            • Wiki
              • Key Combos
              • Generic Guides
              • iButton key file format
              • SubGhz
              • How to add new SubGHz frequencies
              • Sub-GHz Remote
              • LF RFID key file format
              • NFC Flipper File Formats
              • Infrared Flipper File Formats
              • BadKB
              • Asset Packs
              • Unit tests
              • OTA Updates
              • How To Build
              • Hardware Targets
              • Flipper Build Tool
              • FAP (Flipper Application Package)
              • Flipper Application Manifests (.fam)
          • 🐬roguemaster
          • 🐬unleashed
    • Human
      • Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs)
      • Social engineering
      • Phishing
      • Typosquatting
    • Disinformation
      • Black Propaganda
      • White Propaganda
      • Grey Propaganda
      • Info Warfare
      • Political Warfare
      • Astroturfing
      • Greenwashing
      • Bluewashing
      • Whisper Campaigns
      • Push Polling
      • "Joe Jobs"
      • False Flags
      • Deep Fakes
  • About
    • Ports
      • 20
      • 21
      • 22
      • 23
      • 25
      • 587
      • 2323
      • 53
      • 80
      • 194
  • Tools
    • Radio Frequency & SubGHZ
      • gnuradio
      • hackrf
    • Digital Forensics
      • afflib
    • Reverse Engineering
      • binwalk
      • radare2
    • Hardware & Virtualization
      • qemu
      • freerdp2
      • util-linux
      • lvm2
    • VPN Providers
      • ProtonVPN
      • NordVPN
      • ExpressVPN
      • Surfshark
      • CyberGhost
      • Private Internet Access
    • Database, Cloud, & Firewalls
      • sqlmap
      • cewl
      • gobuster
      • fwbuilder
      • clamav
    • Enumeration & Lists
      • crunch
      • aflplusplus
      • ffuf
      • maltego
        • maltego-teeth
      • getallurls
    • Penetration Testing
      • beef-xss
      • wifite
      • burpsuite
      • metasploit-framework
    • Passwords & Auth
      • john
      • hashcat
      • hydra
      • cryptsetup
    • Surface Intelligence
      • theharvester
      • subfinder
      • dsniff
      • dnsrecon
      • dirb
      • nikto
      • legion
      • spiderfoot
    • Networks & Wireless
      • nmap
      • impacket-scripts
      • tcpdump
      • traceroute
      • wireshark
      • responder
      • aircrack-ng
      • netcat
      • kismet
      • ubertooth
      • routersploit
      • apache2
      • ettercap
      • bettercap
      • bettercap-ui
      • freeradius
      • bind9
      • samba
      • net-snmp
      • tcpreplay
    • Social Media
      • sherlock
    • Miscellaneous
      • git
      • libnfc
      • llvm-defaults
  • Operating Systems
    • Ubuntu
      • Installation
        • Switching
          • From Windows
          • From macOS
          • From a different Linux
        • Applications
        • Ubuntu PreInstalled
    • Linux Mint
      • Installation Guide
        • Verify your ISO image
        • Choose the right edition
        • Boot Linux Mint
        • Create the bootable media
        • Install Linux Mint
        • Hardware drivers
        • Language support
        • EFI
        • Multimedia codecs
        • System snapshots
        • Pre-installing Linux Mint (OEM Installation)
        • Where to find help
        • Boot options
        • Partitioning
        • Multi-boot
      • User Guide
        • Grub Boot Menu
        • Snap Store
        • Chromium
        • Bluetooth
        • Windows ISOs and multiboot USB
        • How to upgrade to Linux Mint 20
        • Edge ISO Images
        • Lost Password
        • Upgrades
        • Printers and Scanners
        • How to upgrade to Linux Mint 21
      • Troubleshooting Guide
        • Expectation
        • Responsibility
        • Change
        • Reproducibility
        • Observation
        • Environment
        • What
        • When
        • Why
        • Errors
        • Where
        • How
      • Translation Guide
        • Using Launchpad
        • Verify your translations
        • Localization
      • Developer Guide
        • Getting Started
          • Setup
          • Technology
        • Mint Tools
        • Cinnamon
        • XApps
        • Development
          • Daily Builds
          • Coding Guidelines
          • Optimizing JS with Cinnamon
          • Building
    • Kali Linux
      • Installation
        • Installing Kali Linux
        • Bare-bones Kali
        • Installing Kali on Mac Hardware
        • Dual Booting Kali with Linux
        • Making a Kali Bootable USB Drive
        • Dual Booting Kali with macOS/OS X
        • Dual Booting Kali with Windows
        • BTRFS Install (Kali Unkaputtbar)
        • Deploying Kali over Network PXE/iPXE Install
      • Virtualization
        • Running Kali Linux as a Virtual Machine in Windows
        • Installing VMware on Apple Silicon (M1/M2) Macs (Host)
        • Customizing a Kali Vagrant Vagrantfile
        • Kali inside Proxmox (Guest VM)
        • Installing VMware on Kali (Host)
        • Installing VirtualBox on Kali (Host)
        • Import Pre-Made Kali VMware VM
        • Kali inside Parallels (Guest VM)
        • Kali inside Vagrant (Guest VM)
        • Kali inside VMware (Guest VM)
        • Kali inside VirtualBox (Guest VM)
        • Import Pre-Made Kali VirtualBox VM
        • Kali inside Hyper-V (Guest VM)
        • Kali inside UTM (Guest VM)
        • Kali inside QEMU/LibVirt with virt-manager (Guest VM)
        • Improving Virtual Machine Performance for VMware
        • Installing VMware Tools (Guest Tools)
        • Installing VirtualBox Guest Addition (Guest Tools)
        • Installing Hyper-V Enhanced Session Mode (Guest Tools)
        • Converting VMX to an OVA
      • USB
        • Making a Kali Bootable USB Drive (Linux)
        • Making a Kali Bootable USB Drive (macOS/OS X)
        • Updating Kali Linux on USB
        • Making a Kali Bootable USB Drive on Windows
        • Standalone Kali Linux 2021.4 Installation on a USB Drive, Fully Encrypted
        • Adding Persistence to a Kali Linux Live USB Drive
        • Adding Encrypted Persistence to a Kali Linux Live USB Drive
        • USB Boot in VirtualBox
        • USB Boot in VMware
      • Kali On ARM
        • BeagleBone Black
        • Acer Tegra Chromebook 13" (Nyan)
        • ASUS Chromebook Flip (Veyron)
        • Banana Pro
        • Banana Pi
        • CubieBoard2
        • CuBox-i4Pro
        • CubieTruck (CubieBoard3)
        • Gateworks Newport
        • CuBox
        • Gateworks Ventana
        • NanoPi NEO Plus2
        • NanoPi2
        • Mini-X
        • NanoPC-T3
        • ODROID-C0/C1/C1+
        • ODROID-XU3
        • ODROID-U2/U3
        • ODROID-C2
        • Pinebook
      • Containers
        • Kali Linux LXC/LXD Images
        • Official Kali Linux Docker Images
        • Installing Docker on Kali Linux
        • Using Kali Linux Docker Images
        • Using Kali Linux Podman Images
      • WSL
        • Win-KeX SL
        • Win-KeX ESM
        • Preparing a system for WSL
        • Win-KeX
        • Win-KeX Win
      • Cloud
        • Digital Ocean
        • AWS
        • Azure
        • Linode
      • Kali NetHunter
        • Installing NetHunter On the OnePlus 7
        • Installing NetHunter On the Gemini PDA
        • Installing NetHunter
        • Installing NetHunter On the TicWatch Pro 3
        • Installing NetHunter On the TicWatch Pro
        • NetHunter Application - Terminal
        • NetHunter BadUSB Attack
        • NetHunter Bluetooth-Arsenal
        • NetHunter Chroot Manager
        • NetHunter Components
        • NetHunter Custom Commands
        • NetHunter Home Screen
        • NetHunter DuckHunter Attacks
        • NetHunter HID Keyboard Attacks
        • NetHunter Exploit Database SearchSploit
        • NetHunter Kali Services
        • NetHunter MAC Changer
        • NetHunter MANA Evil Access Point
        • NetHunter Man In The Middle Framework
        • NetHunter KeX Manager
      • Tools
        • Installing Tor Browser on Kali Linux
        • Kali Tools
        • Installing snapd on Kali Linux
        • Metasploit Framework
        • Installing Flatpak on Kali Linux
        • Submitting tools to Kali
        • Removed Tools From Kali
      • Troubleshooting
        • Discovering Problems With Download Speed
        • Common Cloud Based Setup Information
        • The Basics of Troubleshooting
        • Troubleshooting Installations Failures
        • Troubleshooting Wireless Drivers
        • Minimum Install Setup Information
      • Kali Development
        • Contributing run-time tests with autopkgtest
        • Custom CuBox Image
        • Custom Beaglebone Black Image
        • Custom EfikaMX Image
        • Custom Chromebook Image
        • Custom MK/SS808 Image
        • Custom Raspberry Pi Image
        • Custom ODROID X2 U2 Image
        • Setting up a system for packaging
        • Intermediate packaging step-by-step example
        • Introduction to packaging step-by-step example
        • Getting the best out of the Kali Bot
        • Advanced Packaging Step-By-Step Example (FinalRecon & Python-icmplib)
        • Generate an Updated Kali ISO
        • Creating A Custom Kali ISO
        • Building Custom Kali ISOs
        • Rebuilding a Source Package
        • Recompiling the Kali Linux Kernel
        • ARM Build Scripts
        • Preparing a Kali Linux ARM chroot
    • Arch Linux
      • Installation Guide
      • Frequently Asked Questions
      • General Recommendations
      • Applications
        • Office & Docs
        • Internet
        • Multimedia
        • Science
        • Security
        • Utilities
        • Others
      • Arch compared to other distributions
    • NetBSD
      • Calls and Errors
      • Libraries
      • Lua Modules
      • Devices and Drivers
  • Law, Policy, and Ethics
    • Fair Use
    • DMCA
      • 🗄️Notable Cases
        • MGM Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
        • Viacom International, Inc v YouTube, Inc
        • Capitol Records, Inc. v. Thomas-Rasset
        • Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com
        • Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, Inc.
        • A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.
        • BMG Music v. Gonzalez
        • Sony Computer Entertainment America (SCEA) v. Connectix Corp.
        • Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v. Fung
        • Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. v. RDR Books
        • BMG Music v. John Doe
        • Universal Music Group v. Veoh Networks, Inc.
        • Universal Music Group v. MySpace, Inc.
        • UMG Recordings, Inc. v. MP3.com, Inc.
        • Cartoon Network LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.
        • Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
        • Viacom International Inc. v. Google Inc.
        • Tiffany (NJ) Inc. v. eBay Inc.
        • Perfect 10, Inc. v. Visa International Service Association
        • Universal City Studios Productions LLLP v. Reimerdes
        • Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) v. Lime Group LLC
        • Sony BMG Music Entertainment v. Tenenbaum
        • Viacom International Inc. v. Time Warner Cable Inc.
        • UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Shelter Capital Partners LLC
        • Sony Computer Entertainment America Inc. v. Bleem LLC
        • Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley
        • Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.com, Inc.
        • Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.
        • Perfect 10, Inc. v. Cybernet Ventures, Inc.
        • Tiffany (NJ) Inc. v. Ningbo Beyond Home Textile Co., Ltd.
        • Google Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.
        • Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v. Redd Horne, Inc.
Powered by GitBook
On this page

Was this helpful?

Edit on GitHub
  1. Operating Systems
  2. NetBSD

Devices and Drivers

INTRO(4)                NetBSD Kernel Interfaces Manual               INTRO(4)




     intro -- introduction to devices and device drivers




     This section contains information related to devices, device drivers and
     miscellaneous hardware.

   The device abstraction
     Device is a term used mostly for hardware-related stuff that belongs to
     the system, like disks, printers, or a graphics display with its key-
     board.  There are also so-called pseudo-devices where a device driver
     emulates the behaviour of a device in software without any particular
     underlying hardware.  A typical example for the latter class is /dev/mem,
     a loophole where the physical memory can be accessed using the regular
     file access semantics.

     The device abstraction generally provides a common set of system calls
     layered on top of them, which are dispatched to the corresponding device
     driver by the upper layers of the kernel.  The set of system calls avail-
     able for devices is chosen from open(2), close(2), read(2), write(2),
     ioctl(2), select(2), and mmap(2).  Not all drivers implement all system
     calls, for example, calling mmap(2) on terminal devices is likely to be
     not useful at all.

   Accessing Devices
     Most of the devices in a UNIX-like operating system are accessed through
     so-called device nodes, sometimes also called special files.  They are
     usually located under the directory /dev in the file system hierarchy
     (see also hier(7)).

     Note that this could lead to an inconsistent state, where either there
     are device nodes that do not have a configured driver associated with
     them, or there may be drivers that have successfully probed for their
     devices, but cannot be accessed since the corresponding device node is
     still missing.  In the first case, any attempt to reference the device
     through the device node will result in an error, returned by the upper
     layers of the kernel, usually ENXIO.  In the second case, the device node
     needs to be created before the driver and its device will be usable.

     Some devices come in two flavors: block and character devices, or to use
     better terms, buffered and unbuffered (raw) devices.  The traditional
     names are reflected by the letters `b' and `c' as the file type identifi-
     cation in the output of `ls -l'.  Buffered devices are being accessed
     through the buffer cache of the operating system, and they are solely
     intended to layer a file system on top of them.  They are normally imple-
     mented for disks and disk-like devices only and, for historical reasons,
     for tape devices.

     Raw devices are available for all drivers, including those that also
     implement a buffered device.  For the latter group of devices, the dif-
     ferentiation is conventionally done by prepending the letter `r' to the
     path name of the device node, for example /dev/rsd0[cd] denotes the raw
     device for the first SCSI disk, while /dev/sd0[cd] is the corresponding
     device node for the buffered device.

     Unbuffered devices should be used for all actions that are not related to
     file system operations, even if the device in question is a disk device.
     This includes making backups of entire disk partitions, or to raw floppy
     disks (i.e., those used like tapes).

     Access restrictions to device nodes are usually subject to the regular
     file permissions of the device node entry, instead of being enforced
     directly by the drivers in the kernel.

   Drivers without device nodes
     Drivers for network devices do not use device nodes in order to be
     accessed.  Their selection is based on other decisions inside the kernel,
     and instead of calling open(2), use of a network device is generally
     introduced by using the system call socket(2).

   Configuring a driver into the kernel
     For each kernel, there is a configuration file that is used as a base to
     select the facilities and drivers for that kernel, and to tune several
     options.  See config(1) for a detailed description of the files involved.
     The individual manual pages in this section provide a sample line for the
     configuration file in their synopsis portion.  See also the sample config
     file /usr/src/sys/arch/i386/conf/GENERIC (for the i386 architecture).




     config(1), close(2), ioctl(2), mmap(2), open(2), read(2), select(2),
     socket(2), write(2), hier(7)




     This manual page first appeared in FreeBSD 2.1 and NetBSD 9.




     This man page has been written by J�rg Wunsch with initial input by David
     E. O'Brien.

NetBSD 10.99                   December 18, 2017                  NetBSD 10.99
PreviousLua ModulesNextFair Use

Last updated 2 years ago

Was this helpful?